Ringkasan Bahasa Inggris Untuk SMA dan Umum

Ringkasan Bahasa Inggris Untuk SMA dan Umum

READING



A. Dibawah ini adalah macam-macam bentuk pertanyaan yang biasa ada dalam soal Reading:



1. Menemukan gambaran umum/topic isi bacaan/teks.

Contoh pertanyaan :

Which of the following is the most suitable title…?

What is the suitable topic of the passage?

The text mainly tells us about____.



2. Menemukan informasi tertentu/khusus dari bacaan.

Contoh pertanyaan :

When did she make her first solo flight? In…



3. Menemukan informasi rinci yang tersurat dari bacaan teks/dialog.

Contoh :

Which of the following requirements is not mentioned in the passage.

“They may be classefied in several different ways…”

The underlined

Word refers to ….



4. Menemukan informasi rinci yang tersirat dari bacaan teks/dialog.

Contoh :

Which statement is NOT TRUE according to the text

The following are TRUE about Maria EXCEPT…



5. Menentukan main idea yang tersurat/tersirat dari suatu paragrap.

Contoh :

 What is the main idea of the passage?

The fourth paragraph tells us ____.



6. Menentukan makna kata, frasa dan kalimat berdasarkan konteks.

Contoh :

“Brownie is Chinese breed, it is small, fluffy. And cute.”

The underlined word mean ____



7. Menentukan type text yang digunakan penulis.

Contoh :

What type text is used by the writer?

The text above is in the form of _____.



8. Menentukan communicative purpose/tujuan kominikativ sebuah teks

Contoh :

The communicative putpose of the text above is ___.

The purpose of the text is _____.



9. Menyusun kalimat dengan baik.

Contoh :

The best order of the sentences above is …

The best arrangement of the sentences to make a good paragraph is …



B. Apa yang dimaksud dengan:

1. TEXT adalah segala bentuk tulisan yang ada pada sebuah buku, artikel dll yang

mempunyai makna. Non-continuous text misalnya brosur, label, grafik, tabel, map,

diagram dsb. Continuous text misalnya narrative, descriptive,exposition, spoof dsb.

2. PARAGRAPH adalah bagian dari sebuah tulisan/teks dan mungkin saja terdiri dari

sebuah kalimat atau sekumpulan kalimat yang merupakan pengembangan dari pokok

pikiran/main topic/main idea.

3. Kalimat yang menggambarkan main idea/pokok pikiran dari sebuah paragraph disebit

TOPIC SENTENCE.

4. Topic sentence biasanya ada pada awal/akhir/kadang di tengah sebuah paragrap.

5. Gambaran umum tentang isi bacaan bisa merupakan MAIN TOPIC atau MAIN

IDEA.

6. TOPIC dari sebuah paragrap/teks adalah subjek dari tulisan, sedangkan MAIN IDEA

adalah keterangan, penjelasan, uraian topic atau merupakan pendapat penulis tentang

topic tulisannya.

7. Oleh karena itu pertanyaan tentang topic dari sebuah paragraph/text bisa tentang inti

isi tulisan yang juga bisa merupakan judul.

8. Jika pertanyaan menanyakan ‘TOPIC’ maka jawaban ditulis dalam satu kata atau

bentuk frasa, tetapi jika pertanyaan menanyakan tentang ‘MAIN IDEA’ maka jawaban

ditulis dalam kalimat lengkap.

9. Yang dimaksud dengan ‘informasi tertentu/specific information’ adalah informasi

yang tertera jelas dalam text, biasanya tentang nama, tempat, tanggal, tahun, dsb.

10. Yang dimaksud dengan ‘informasi tersirat’ adalah informasi yang tidak tertera jelas

dalam text. Untuk dapat menjawab pertanyaan spt ini dibutuhkan keterampilan

‘reading between the lines’.

11. Frasa adalah rangkaian kata yang mempunyai makna.





B. JENIS-JENIS TEXT: CIRI & CONTOH

1. Narrative (naratif, dongeng)

a. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose)

Menghibur pendengar/pembaca (To entertain reader/listener). Teks bertalian

dengan pengalaman nyata, khayal/ peristiwa pelik yang mengarah ke suatu krisis,

yang pada akhirnya menemukan penyelesaian.

b. Struktur Teks (Text Structure)

a)    Orientation (pengenalan tokoh, waktu, dan tempat)

b)    Complication (pengembangan konflok)

c)    Resolution (penyelesaian konflik)

c. Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan:

a)    Nouns (kata benda) tertentu sebagai kata ganti orang, hewan dan benda tertentu

b)    dalam cerita misalnya stepsister (saudara tiri), housework (pekerjaan rumah

c)    tangga), dsb.

d)    Adjectives (kata sifat) yang membentuk noun phrase, misalnya long white hair,

e)    two red apple, dsb.

f)     Time connectives dan conjunction untuk mengurutkan kejadian-kejadian,

g)    misalnya the next morning, then, before, that, soon, dsb.

h)   Adverbs untuk menunjukan lokasi kejadian/peristiwa, misalnya here, happily

i)     ever after, dsb.

j)     Action verbs dalam past tense seperti stayed, climed, saw dsb.

k)    Saying verbs yang menandai ucapan seperti said, told, promised, dan thinking

l)     verbs yang menandai pikiran, persepsi atau perasaan tokoh dalam cerita,

m)  misalnya thought, understood, felt, dsb.



2. News Item (Berita)

a. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose)

Memberitakan kepada pembaca, pendengar/penonton tentang peristiwa-peristiwa

atau kejadian-kejadian yang dipandang penting atau layak diberitakan.

b. Struktur Teks (Text Structure)

a)    Kejadian inti

b)    Latar belakang: elaborasi kejadian, orang yang terlibat, tempat kejadian, dsb.

c)    Sumber informasi: komentar saksi kejadian, pendapat para ahli, dsb.

c. Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan:

Informasi singkat tertuang dalam headline menggunakan action verbs, saying

verbs, misal say, tell, dsb. Menggunakan kata keterangan, misalnya badly

injured, the most beautiful bride in the worl, dsb.

d. Contoh teks News Item



3. Procedure (prosedur)

a. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose)

Memberi petunjuk tentang cara melakukan sesuatu melalui serangkaian

tindakan/langkah.

b. Struktur Teks (Text Structure)

a)    Tujuan Kegiatan

b)    Bahan-bahan

c)    Langkah-langkah

c. Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan:

a)    Pola kalimat imperative, misalnya Cut, Don’t mix, dsb.

b)    Action verbs, misalnya turn, put, don’t mix, dsb.

c)    Connectives untuk mengurutkan kegiatan, misalnya then, while, dsb.

d)    Adverbials untuk menyatakan rinci waktu, tempat, cara yang akurat, misalnya

e)    for five minutes, 2 centimeters from the top, dsb.





4. Report (Laporan Hasil Pengamatan)

Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose)

Menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu apa adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan

sistematis atau analisis. Sesuatu yang dapat dideskripsikan dapat meliputi gejala

alam, lingkungan benda buatan manusia, atau gejala-gejala sosial. Deskripsi sebuah

teks report dapat berupa simpulan umum, misalnya ikan paus termasuk binatang

mamalia karena ikan tersebut melahirkan anaknya. Untuk membuat laporan

semacam ini, siswa perlu mengamati dan membandingkan ikan paus dengan

binatang lainnya yang memiliki ciri-ciri yang sama. Siswa dapat mencoba

membuat teks laporan tentang, misalnya rumah sangat sederhana, warung tegal,

sekolah, rumah sakit, dsb.

a. Struktur Teks (Text Structure)

_ Pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek laporan, keterangan dan

klasifikasinyaTujuan Kegiatan

_ Deskripsi

b. Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan:

_ General nouns, seperti Reptil in Comodo Island, dsb.

_ Relating verbs untuk menjelaskan ciri, misalnya reptile are scaly animal (ciri

ini berlaku untuk semua reptilia),dsb.

_ Section verbs dalam menjelaskan perilaku, misal lizards cannot fly, dsb.

_ Present tense untuk menyatakan suatu yang umum, misalnya komodo dragon

usually weigh more than 160 kg, dsb.

_ Istilah tekhnis, misalnya water contains oxygent and hydrogen, dsb.

_ Paragraf dengan topic sentences untuk menyusun sejumlah Informasi.

c. Contoh teks Report

Pernyataan

tentang

subjek laporan

Deskripsi

The Pelican Report

The white pelican is one of the most succesful fish eating

birds.

The success is largely due to its command hunting

behavior. A group, perhaps two dozen birds, will gather in

a curved src some distance off shore. The bird then begin

to move forward towards the shore, beating the water

furiously with their wings, driving the fish before them

When the water is shallow enough for the bird to reach the

fish, the formaion breaks up as each dips its bill into the

water to scoops up its meal. As the bird lifts its head, the

water drains from its bill leaving the fish which are then

swallowed Pelicans are among the oldest group of birds.

Fossils of this genus have been found dating back 40

million years.

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5. Descriptive

a. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose)

Mendeskripsikan (menggambarkan) ciri-ciri seseorang, benda atau tempat tertentu.

b. Struktur Teks (Text Structure)

_ Pengenalan subjek

_ Ciri-ciri subjek, misalnya tampilan fisik, kualitas, prilaku umum, sifat-sifat.

c. Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan:

_ Nouns tertentu misalnya teacher, house, my cat, dsb.

_ Simple present tense

_ Detiled noun phrase untuk memberikan informasi tentang subjek, misalnya It

was a large open rowboat, a sweet young lady, dsb.

_ Adjectives, yang bersifat describing, numbering classifying, misalnya, two

strong legs, sharp white fang, dsb.

_ Relating verbs untuk memberikan informasi tentang subjek, misalnya, My mum

is realy cool, It has very tick fur, dsb.

_ Thinking verbs dan feeling verbs untuk mengungkapkan pandangan pribadi

penulis tentang subjek, misalnya Police belive the suspect is armed, I think it is

the clever animal, dsb.

_ Action verbs, misalnya Our new puppy bites our shoes, dsb.

_ Adverbials untuk memberikan informasi tambahan tentang perilaku tersebut,

misal fast at the tree house,dsb.

_ Bahasa figurative, seperti simile, metafor. Misalnya John is white as chalk, sat

tigh, dsb.

d. Contoh Teks Descriptive

Subjek

Deskripsi

MacQuarie University

MacQuarie is one of the largest unuversities in Australia.

This year, in 2004, it celebrates its 40th anniversary.

The university is located at the North Ride Greenbelt,

Sydney, where the New South Wales government sets

aside 135 hectars for the institution. In 1964, MacQuarie

area was a rural retreat on the city fringe, but today the

campus and its surrondings have evolved beyond

recognition.The white pelican is one of the most succesful

fish eating birds. North Ride District has growen into a

district of intensive occupatian anchored by a vibrant and

growing university.

One of the highlights of the landsape is the Mars Creek

zone. It comprises landscaped creek sides and valley floor,

a gress amphitheatre,andartificial lake surounded by rock

and pebbels, native plants and eucalypts.

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6. Anecdote (cerita lucu)

a. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose)

Menceritakan kejadian/peristiwa lucu berdasarkan khayalan atau peristiwa nyata

yang bertujuan menghibur.

b. Struktur Teks (Text Structure)

_ Abstrak

_ Pengenalan

_ Krisis

_ Tindakan

_ Koda (prubahan yang terjadi pada tokoh dan pelajaran yang dapat dipetik dari

cerita)

c. Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan:

_ Seruan/kata seru, pertanyaan retorik dan kata-kata seperti Listen to this! And do

you know what? It’s awful, isn’t it? dsb

_ Action verbs, misalnya go, write, dsb.

_ Conjuctions yang berhubungan dengan waktu, seperti then, afterwards, dsb.

d. Contoh Teks Anecdote

Abstract

Orientation

Crisis

Reaction/

tindakan

Coda/ koda

Soon after Dave left college, one of his uncles, who was

rich died and left Dave a lot of money.

So he decided to set up his own real estate agency.

He had only been there for a few hours when he heard

some onr coming towards the door of hos offoce.

“It’s my first customer!” he thought. He quickly p[icked up

the telephone and pretended to be very busy answering an

important call from someone in New York who wanted to

buy a big and expensive house in the country.

The man knocked at the door while this was going on,

came in and waited politely for the agent to finish his

conversation. Then he said to me, “I’m from the telephone

company, and I was sent here to connect your telephone.”

7. Analytical Exposition (eksposisi analitia)

a. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose)

Memaparkan dan mempengaruhi audience (pendengar/pembaca) bahwa ada

masalah yang tentunya perlu mendapat perhatian.

b. Struktur Teks (Text Structure)

_ Pernyataan pendapat/ Thesis statement (tujuan memperkenalkan topik)

_ Argumen terdiri dari point yang dikemukakan dan elaborasi

_ Penguatan pernyataan/conclusion

c. Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan:

_ General nouns, misal car, pollution, leaded petrol car, dsb.

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_ Abstrac nouns, misalnya policy, government , dsb.

_ Relating verbs, misalnya It is important, dsb.

_ Action verbs misalnya, She must save, dsb.

_ Thinking verbs, misalnya Many people believe, dsb.

_ Modal verbs, misalnya We must preserve, dsb.

_ Modal adverbs, misalnya certainly, dsb.

_ Connectives, misalnya firstly, secondly, dsb.

_ Bahas evaluatif, misalnya important, valuable, dsb.

_ Kalimat pasif (passive voice)

d. Contoh Teks Analytical Exposition

Pernyataan

pendapat

Argumentasi

Penguatan

pernyataan

(conclusion)

Air pollution is one of the harmful substances that causes

demage to the environment, human healt, and quality of

life. It makes people sick like having breathing problems

and cancer.

Pollutants also come from other sources. For instance,

decomposing garbage in landfills and solid waste disposal

sites emits methane gas and many product give off VOCs

Unlike pollutants from human activity however, natural

pollutanta tend to remain in the atmosphere for a short time

and do not lead to permanent atmosphere change.

8. Hortatory Exposition (eksposisi hortatory)

a. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose)

Memaparkan dan mempengaruhi audience (pendengar/pembaca) bahwa seharusnya

demikian atau tidak demikian .

b. Struktur Teks (Text Structure)

_ Pernyataan isu yang dipersoalkan

_ Argumen : berupa alasan mengapa ada keprihatinan, dan mengarah ke

rekomendasi

_ Recomendasi : pernyataan tentang bagaimana seharusnya atau tidak seharusnya

c. Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan:

_ Abstrac nouns,misalnya policy,government dsb.

_ Technical verbs, misalnya species of animals,dsb.

_ Relating verbs, misalnya should be, doesn’t seem to have been , dsb.

_ Action verbs, misalnya, we must save, dsb.

_ Thinking verbs, misalnya I believe , dsb.

_ Modal verbs, misalnya We must preserve, dsb.

_ Modal adverbs, misalnya certainly,we, dsb.

_ Connectives, misalnya firstly, secondly, dsb.

_ Simple present tense

_ Bahas evaluatif, misalnya important, valuable, dsb.

_ Kalimat pasif (passive voice)





9. Explanation ( Penjelasan )

a. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose)

Menerangkan proses-proses yang terjadi dalam pembentukan atau kegiatan yang

terkait dengan fenomena dunia ilmiah, sosial-budaya, atau yang bertujuan

menjelaskan.

b. Struktur Teks (Text Structure)

_ Penjelasan umum

_ Penjelasan proses

_ Penutup

c. Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan:

_ General dan abstrac nouns , misalnya word chopping, earthquakes;

_ Actions verbs;

_ Simple present tense;

_ Passive voice;

_ Conjunctions of time dan cause;

_ Nouns phrase, misalnya the large cloud;

_ Abstract nouns, misalnya the temperature;.

_ Adverbial phrases;

_ Complex sentences;

_ Bahasa teknis ;

_ Kalimat pasif (passive voice)



10. Review ( Ulasan atau tinjauan )

a. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose)

Melakukan kritik terhadap peristiwa atau karya seni untuk pembaca atau

pendengar, khalayak ramai, misalnya film, pertunjukan, dan buku.

b. Struktur Teks (Text Structure)

_ Pengenalan

_ Evaluasi 1

_ Evaluasi 2

_ Tafsiran

_ Evaluasi 3

_ Evaluasi 4, dan sebagainya.Jika ada

_ Rangkuman

c. Ciri kebahasaan :

_ Terfokus pada partisipan tertentu

Menggunakan:

_ Adjective, menunjukan sikap, seperti bad,good;

_ Klausa panjang dan kompleks;

_ Metafor.



11. Commentary

a. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose)

Menjelaskan proses yang terjadi pada sebuah fenomena sosial sebagai sebuah

penomena natural. Teks mengenai ilmu alam menggunakan genre/bentuk teks

explaination dalam penyampaiannya.

b. Struktur Teks (Text Structure)

_ Pernyataan umum

_ Penjelasan lanjutan

c. Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan:

_ General nouns, misalnya evolution, teddy bear, dsb.

_ Past tense

_ conjunction



12. Discussion (Pembahasan)

a. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks

mengetengahkan suatu masalah (isu) yang ditinjau paling tidak dari 2 (dua)

sudut pandang, sebelum sampai pada suatu kesimpulan atau rekomendasi.

b. Struktur Teks

• Isu;

• pendapat yang mendukung;

- Gagasan Pokok 1;

- Elaborasi (uraian),

- Gagasan Pokok 2;

- Elaborasi (uraian).

• Pendapat yang menentang;

- Gagasan Pokok;

- Elaborasi (uraian).

• Kesimpulan.

c. Ciri Kebahasan:

Mengunakan :

_ general nouns untuk menyatakan kategori, misalnya uniforms, alcohol dsb.

_ relating verbs untuk memberi informasi tentang isu yang didiskusikan,

misalnya smoking is harmful, dsb

_ thinking verbs untuk mengungkapkan pandangan pribadi penulis, misalnya

feel, believe, hope, dsb.

_ action verbs, misalnya We must save, dsb

_ additives, contrastives dan causal connectives untuk menghubungkan

argumen misalnya similatly, on the other hand, however, dsb.

_ detailed noun groups untuk memberikan informasi secara padu, misalnya

the dumping of unwanted kittens, dsb.

_ modalities, seperti perhaps, must, should have been, could be, dsb.

_ adverbias of manner, misalnya deliberately. Hopefully, dsb.



13. RECOUNT (retell/menceritakan kembali)

a. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks

Melaporkan peristiwa, kejadian atau kegiatan dengan tujuan memberitakan/

menghibur.

b. Struktur Teks

• Pendahuluan (orientation): yaitu memberikan informasi tentang apa, siapa,

dimana dan kapan.

• Rentetan Peristiwa /events: kegiatan/peristiwa yang terjadi yangf disampaikan

secara berurutan.

• Komentar pribadi dan/ungkapan penilaian (jika ada).

c. Ciri Kebahasan:

Mengunakan :

_ Noun dan pronoun sebagai kata ganti orang, hewan/benda yang terlibat

misalnya; Dono, the monkey, we dsb.

_ Action verbs atau kata kerja tindakan, misalnya go, sleep, run, dsb.

_ Past tense misalnya We went to the zoo. She was happy.

_ Conjunction dan time connectives yang mengurutkan

peristiwa/kejadian/kegiatyan. Misalnya and, but, then, after that, dsb.

_ Adverbs dan adverb phrases untuk mengungkapkan tempat, waktu dan cara.

Misalnya yesterday, at my house, slowly dsb.

d. Contoh dan Struktur Teks



FUNCTIONAL SKILL

1. Offering Help or Things (menawarkan bantuan / menawarkan sesuatu)

Untuk menawarkan bantuan, dapat digunakan ungkapan-ungkapan berikut:

- May I help you?

- Can I help you?

- Could I help you?

- How can I be of assistance to you?

- How can I be of help to you?

- What can I help you

- What can I do for you?

- How can I assist you?

- How can I help you?

- Let me help you?

- Do you want me to help you?

- Shall I …?



Cara memberi tawaran seperti menawarkan makanan atau minuman dalam bahasa Inggris

lazimnya dengan menggunakan ungkapan Would you like…?, Would you care for …?,

why don’t you have…?, How about having …? May I offer you …?

Contoh:

Tawaran Respon

- Would you like some bread? Yes, please.

- Would you care for some coffee? No, thanks. I don’t drink coffee.

- Why don’t you have some biscuit, please? Thanks, I’d love to.

Jawaban untuk menerima tawaran antara lain: Yes please, Sure, Why not, Ofcourse,

Certainly, I’d love to, It’s a good idea, That’s great. Untuk menolak tawaran digunakan

ungkapan seperti: No, thanks, Please don’t bother, I’d love to but…, That’s great but…

2. Introducing (memperkenalkan)

Memperkenalkan Dri Memperkenalkan Orang Lain

- I’d like to introduce myself.

- My I introduce myself?

- Let me introduce myself!

- I want to introduce myself

- I’d like you to meet … (nama)

- This is my friend/boss/etc…(nama)

- Have you met…(nama)?

- May I introduce you to …(nama/jabatan)

- Let me introduce you to ….

- I want to introduce you to ….



3. Inviting (mengundang/mengajak)

Undangan/Ajakan

Menolak Menerima

- let’s + V1

- Why don’t we …?

- How about…?

- I’d like to invite you to…

- Would you like to…?

- I wonder if you’d like to

- I’m sorry I can’t

- I’d like to but…

- I’m afraid I can’t

- No, let’s not.

- I’d love to

- I’d like very much

- I’d be happy/glad to

accept

- Yes, I’d be delighted to.

- That’s good ide



4. Expressing Thanks (terimakasih)

Ungkapan Respon

Thank you

Thank you very much

Thanks.

Thank you very much for… (kata

benda)

I’m grateful for…(kata benda/noun)

You are welcome.

That’s all right

Not at all

Don’t mention it

Thet’s all right

Any time



5. Congratulations (ucapan selamat)

Ungkapan Respon

Congratulations

Congratulations on …

I’d like to congratulate you.

I’d like to congratulate you on…

It was great to hear…

It was to hear about….

Happy birthday to you.

Happy new year.

Good luck!

Have a nice holiday

Thank you

Thank you and the same to you

Thank you. I need it.

Thank you very much.



6. Sympathy (menyatakan rasa simpati)

Ungkapan-ungkapan perasaan simpati atas mala petaka/musibah yang dialami orang lain

diantaranya:

• I’m sorry to hear that

• Oh, that’s too bad.

• How awful!

• How terrible!

• Poor!



7. Pleasure, Displeasure (senang & tidak senang)

Pleasure/senang Displeasure/tidak senang

It’s really delightful/Iam delighted

I’m satisfied

That’s great

That’s wonderful

It’s really a great pleasure

I’m dissatisfied

We are fed up with…

I feel dosappointed

She is extremely displeased



8. Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction ( kepuasan, ketidakpuasan)

Ketika kita akan mengungkapkan kepuasan atas kerja seseorang, kita dapat gunakan

ungkapan:

• Well done!

• Great! Good work

• I am satisfied with your work

• You did well

• Your job is satisfactory

• I am so happy about this

• I’m glad to what you’ve done

• It’s really satisfying



Ketika kita akan mengungkapkan ketidakpuasan atas kerja seseorang, kita dapat gunakan:

• I’m not satisfied with work

• You haven’t done well enough

• I am really dissappointed

• Sorry, but your work is not satisfactory

• Oh, no!

• It’s not very nice

• It’s really not good enough



9. Asking & Giving Opinion (meminta & memberi pendapat)

Asking Opinion Giving opinion

How was the trip?

How do you like your new house?

How do you think of Rina’s idea?

How do you feel about this dicition?

What is your opinions of the movie?

What are your feelings about it?

I think (that)….

In my opinion….

As I see, …

If you ask me, I feel…



10. Agreement/approval, Disagreement/disapproval (setuju, tidak setuju)

Ketika kita merasa sependapat dengan opini orang lain, kita bisa mengatakan:

• So do I

• Yes, I agree with you

• It is certainly

• Exactly

• That’s what I want to say

• I am with you

• I am on your side

Ketika kita merasa tidak sependapat dengan opini orang lain, kita bisa mengatakan:

• Well, I don’t think so

• I don’t think that is true

• I disagree with …

• I wouldn’t say that

• Exactly not

• I can’t say so

• On contrary

• I don’t buy that idea





11. Fear, Anciety (ungkapan ketakutan, kegelisahan)

Fear Respon

I am afraid

I am feared

I am scared

I am terrified

The sound is horrifying

Don’t be afraid

There is nothing to be afraid of

It is nothing



Anciety Respon

I am worried about…

I am anxious to know about…

I wondered if…

That made me worried

I have been thinking about ….

I am afraid if…

Take is easy

Calm down

I know you are worried but…

It is not a big deal

Don’t worry

Stay cool





12. Pain, Relief (ungkapan kesakitan, kelegaan)

Pain Relief

Ouch!

That was hurt

It is painful

It hurts me

I’ve got a

backache/toothache/stomachache

I feel sore all over

My eyes hurt

I’m very relieved to hear…

Finally, it was over

I feel relieved

I feel much better

I’m glad it’s over

That’s a great relief

I’m extremely glad to hear…

Thank goodness for that

Marvellous

What a relief!



13. Like/Love & Dislike/Hate (suka/cinta & tidak suka/benci)

Like Dislike

I love it

I like it

I am keen on it

I am crazy about it

We all enjoy

(benda/noun/gerund)…is my cup of tea

I don’t really like it

I dislike it

I am not really interested in…

I can’t enjoy…

(benda/noun/gerund)…is not my cup of tea

I can’t stand

I hate it



14. Embarrassment & Annoyance (Ungkapan rasa malu, kejengkelan)

Embarrassment Annoyance

I am embarrassed

I feel ashamed

Oh my God

Shame on me

I don’t feel comfortable

I feel awkward

I am annoyed

I had enough with it

I can’t bear it any longer

You made me annoyed

You are such a pain in the neck

You made me sick



15. Request (permintaan)

Request Acceptance Refusal

Would it be possible for

you to

Would you be so kind as

to

Would you…,please?

Would you mind …?

Any chance of…

Can you…?

I should be delighted to

come

By all means

I have no objection

I’d be happy to

Sure

Yeah

OK

No problem

Mmm

I regret to say that we find

ourselves unable to go

I’m afraid it’s not possible

I’m afraid not

Sorry

No, I won’t

Not likely

You must be joking



16. Complaint, Blame (keluhan,menyalahkan)

Complaint Blame

I’m not at all satisfied with the service

I really do/must objec to the service

I take great exception to…

I want to complain about…

This is crazy!

You’re the one to blame

It’s your fault!

It’s your mistake!

You’re wrong



17. Regret, Apology (penyesalan, meminta maaf)

Regret Apology

Much to my regret

Sadly, I ….

Unfortunately

I’m terribly sorry

I honestly regret that I …

Sorry, I …

Please accept my apologies for what I did

Please forgive me for what I did

I am extremely sorry

I really must apologies

May I offer you my sincerest apologies?



18. Possibility & Impossibility (kemungkinan & ketidakmungkinan)

Menyatakan Kemungkinan Menanyakan Kemungkinan

I think there is possibility to …

I sassume/believe…

In all probability,…

it is going to be possible for me to…

that will probably …

it’s quite possible …

Do you think he/it could…?

Would you say we’re capable of…?

Are you capable of…?

Are you able to…?

Do you have any experience of…?

Can you…?

Do you know how to…?

Do you think you can…?



LANGUAGE USAGE

TENSES

TENSES POLA KET. WAKTU



Present Tense

(Menyatakan kebiasaan

hingga sekarang masih

dilakukan)

V= (+) S+V¹ (-s/es utk S he,she,it)

(-) S+Do/Does not + V¹

Do utk S= I,you,they,we

Does utk S= he,she,it

She goes to school everyday

She does not go to school everyday

N= (+) S+ to be (am/is/are) + adj/n/adv

She is beautiful

Every…

Usyally

Always dll



Present Continuous

(Menyatakan aktivitas

yang sedang berlangsung

pada waktu bicara)

V= (+) S+ to be (am/is/are)+V-ing

She is not going to school everyday

Now

At present

At this moment

To day



Present Perfect

(Menyatakan

perbuatan/tindakan yang

terjadi pada waktu yang

tidak tertentu di masa

lampau dan pada saat

berbicara

perbuatan/tindakan tsb telah

selesai/baru aja selesai

dilakukan)

V= (+) S + have/has + V3

Have utk S= I,you,they,we

Has utk S= he,she,it

Father has gone to work for 12 hours

N= (+) S + have/has+Been + adj/n/adv

Father has been at his office since 12

hours ago.

Lately

Recently

For

Since

already

yet

lately

just



Past Tense

(Menyatakan kegiatan

yang dilakukan pada

waktu lampau)

V= (+) S + V2

(-) S + did not + V¹

Did utk semua Subjek

N= (+) S + Be (was/were) + adj/n/adv

Was utk S= I,he,she,it

Were utk S= you,they,we

Yesterday

Last…

…ago



Past Perfect Tense

(Menyatakan aktivitas

yang telah selesai

dilakukan ketika aktivitas

lain terjadi pada waktu

lampau)

V= (+) S + had + V3

Had utk semua Sabjek (S)

N= (+) S + had been + adj/n/adv

Before/when + S

+ V2



Past Perfect Continuous

(Menyatakan aktivitas

yang telah berlangsung

selama periode waktu

tertentu ketika aktivitas

V= (+) S + had been + V-ing For + periode

waktu + when/

before + S + V2



lain terjadi diwaktu

lampau, aktivitas tsb masih

berlangsung)



Future tense

(Menyatakan aktivitas

yang akan dilakukan di

waktu yang akan datang)

V= (+) S + will/shall + V¹

Will utk semua Sabjek (S)

Shall utk S = I,we

N= (+) S + will/shall +be + adj/n/adv

Tomorrow

Next…



Future Continuous

(Menyatakan aktivitas

yang akan sedang

berlangsung di waktu yang

akan datang)

V= (+) S + will/shall + be + V-ing

At this time

tomorrow

At ten tomorrow



Future Perfect

(Menyatakan aktivitas

yang akan telah selesai

dilakukan ketika aktivitas

lain terjadi diwaktu yang

akan datang)

V= (+) S + will/shall + have + V3

N= (+) S + will/shall +have +been +adj/n/

By + ket.waktu



Future Perfect

Continuous

(Menyatakan aktivitas

yang akan telah sedang

berlangsung selama waktu

tertentu ketika aktivitas

lain terjadi di waktu yang

akan datang)

V= (+) S + will/shall +have+been + V-ing

By + ket.waktu



Past Future Tense

(Menyatakan

perbuatan/keadaan yang

akan datang

dilakukan/terjadi diwaktu

lampau. Perbuatan tsb

sudah direncanakan tapi

tidak terlaksana)

V= (+) S + would/should + V¹

N= (+) S + would/should + be + adj/n/adv

Yesterday

Last…

Just now

If + simple past

Past Future Perfect Tense

(menyatakan suatu

pengandaian pada masa

lampau, sesuatu seharusnya

akan telah terjadi pada saat

suatu syarat terpenuhi)

V= (+) S + would/should + have +V3

N= (+) S + would/should + have been +

adj/n/adv

If + past perfect



Past Perfect Continuous

(Menyatakan perbuatan

yang seharusnya sudah

sedang berlangsung di

suatu waktu di masa

lampau tetapi kenyataanya

gagal berlangsung)

V= (+) S + would/should + have been +

V-ing

By + ket.waktu

Kita bisa mengenali setiap tensis dengan mengetahui ciri-ciri khusus yang dimiliki setiap

tensis:

Simple Present V¹/do,does/am,is,are

Simple past V2/did/was,were

Perfect have/has/had + V3/been

Future/modal (present)

Future/modal (past)

will/shall/may/can/must + V¹/be

would/sould/might/could/had to + V¹/be

Continuous Tobe + v-ing

TO BE

Present

Past

Perfect

Future/modal

Am, is, are

Was, were

Been

be

Contoh soal

1. Fred : Juda, the telephone rang twelve times. What were you doing?

Juda: I____ Javanese dancing, “Srimpi”.

a. practised d. have been practising

b. was parctising e. will be practising

c. have practised

Jawaban : B (Past Continuous Tense)

2. Dian : The Public Health Centre ____ there for more than twenty years. The doctors and

paramedis work hard to improve the people’s health especially children.

Iwan : Yes, they are succesful. The infant/death rate has decreased remarkably.

a. works d. has been working

b. worked e. will have worked

c. is working

Jawaban : D (Present Perfect Continuous = peristiwa yang terjadi/dimulai pada waktu

lampau dan sekarang masih berlangsung. Ada tanda waktu for yang bisa dijadikan ciri)

3. Devi : So you have finished washing the dished. When did you do it?

Sri : I did while you ____ the yard.

a. clean d. were cleaning

b. cleaned e. have been cleaning

c. had cleaned

Jawaban : D (Past Continuous tense = menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang

berlangsung ketika kegiatan lain terjadi di waktu lampau. Kata while bisa dijadikan ciri)



4. Retno : Why don’t you reply my letter?

Hadi : Oh sorry. I forget to tell you that I ___ in Bali since last year.

a. am living d. will have lived

b. was living e. have been living

c. have to live

Jawaban : E (Present Perfect Continuous. Tanda waktu since dapat dijadikan ciri)

5. Vina : When did you get the letter?

Fani : Yesterday. My family ____ when the postman arrived.

a. have lunch d. will have had lunch

b. will have lunch e. have been having lunch

c. were having lunch

Jawaban : C (Past Continuous tense biasa juga dipakai untuk menyatakan kegiatan

yang sedang dilakukan ketika kegiatan lain terjadi pada waktu lampau.

When + simple past dapat dijadikan ciri)

Soal-Soal Latihan

1. If we don”t hurry, the meeting ___ by the time we get there.

a. would have started d. will start

b. will have started e. starts

c. will be started

2. The librarian suddenly heard a noise.

Librarian : What was the noise?

Student : I dropped some books while I ____ them to the table.

a. carry d. am carrying

b. carried e. have carried

c. was carrying

3. Ann has been looking for a job for six month.

This sentence means that Ann ___.

a. has got a new job d. has stopped looking for a job

b. has worked for six months e. started to work 6 months a go

c. is still looking for a job

4. When airport are located in the center of citied, they ___ noise pollution and distrub

people’s life.

a. caused d. were causing

b. causes e. have caused

c. will cause

5. Agam : Where will we go next holiday?

Joko : What about Bali?

Agam : That’s OK, but I ____ there many times.

a. am d. will be

b. was e. will have been

c. have been

6. My father is still in Bali. He ____ there for three weeks.

a. is d. has been

b. was e. have been

c. had been



7. Anto : I’m sorry Ary. I forget to bring your book.

Ary : What did he say Lina?

Lina : Anto said that he ___ to bring your book.

a. has forgotten d. forgets

b. had forgotten e. forgot

c. would forget

8. Teacher : I”ve heard that Benny is ill. Is it right?

Student : Yes, sir. He ____ ill for a week.

a. was d. would be

b. has been e. will have been

c. had been

9. Teacher : You will be ready for a test next week. Learn all these.

Student : All right, sir. I ____ them by then.

a. learn d. will be learning

b. have learnt e. will have learnt

c. am learning

10. Reni goes to her university every morning. She studies business. You can’t meet her at her

house at 10.00 tomorrow. She ___ the lectures.

a. will be attending d. has attended

b. has been attending e. attended

c. would be attended



DIRECT - INDIRECT (Reported Speech)

Ketika kita merubah kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, ada

beberapa hal yang mengalami perubahan diantaranya perubahan tenses, struktur kalimat,

pronoun (kata ganti orang), Possessive (kata ganti kepemilikan), keterangan waktu, dan

tempat.

Perubahan pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang

dipakai di kalimat langsung/tidak langsung.

Jika kalimat langsung adalah kalimat tanya maka ketika kalimat itu diulang

(kalimat tidak langsung) tidak membentuk kata tanya lagi tetapi menjadi kalimat berita.

Kata penghubungnya adalah if/whether dan what, why, where, when, who, how. Begitu

pula jika kalimat langsung adalah kalimat perintah maka di kalimat tidak langsung menjadi

kalimat berita. Kata penghubungnya adalah (+) to infinitive/V1, (-) not to infinitive/V1

Contoh Kalimat

Kalimat langsung/direct Kalimat tidak langsung/indirect

(+) He said, “ I have a present for you

in my bag.”

(-) He said, “I do not have a present for

you in my bag”

(?) He asked, “Do I have a present for

you in my bag?”

(?) He asked me, “ Why do I have to

have a present for you in

my bag?

(!) He ordered/commanded me, “Bring

my bag here now!”

(!) He ordered me, “Don’t bring your

bag here!”

(+) He said that he had a present for me in his

bag.

(-) He said that he did not have a present for

me in his bag.

(?) He asked me if/whether he had a present

for me in his bag.

(?) He asked me why he had to have a present

for me in his bag.

(!) He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag

there then.

(!) He ordered me not to bring my bag there.

Perubahan Tenses

Direct (kalimat langsung) Indirect (kalimat tidak langsung)

Simple Present

Present Continuous

Present Future

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous

Simple Past

Past Continuous

Simple Past

Past Continuous

Past Future

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous



Lebih singkatnya perubahan tenses tersebut adalah:

Direct Indirect

V1 (eat)

V2 (ate)

Am/is/are

Do/does

Do/does not

Did not

Was/were

Am/is/are + V-ing

Was/were +V-ing

Has/have + V3

Will/shall/can/may/must

Could/might/should/would + V1/be

V2 (ate)

Had + V3 (had eaten)

Was/were

Did

Did not

Had not + V3

Had been

Was/were + V-ing

Had been + V-ing

Had + V3

Would/should/could/might/had to

could/might/should/would + have+

V3/been

Perubahan Keterangan Waktu dan Tempat

Direct Indirect

Now

Today

Tomorrow

Next…

Last…

…ago

Yesterday

The day before yesterday

Here

This

These

Then

That day

The next day

The day after

The following day

A day later

The… after

The following…

The…before

The previous …

The preceeding

…before

…earlier

The day before

The previous day

The preceeding day

Two day before

There

That

those

Contoh Soal

1. Beckham : Did you know what Fingo said yesterday?

Raul : Of course. He said ____ the previous day.

a. had gone to his country d. he went to his country

b. he has gone to his country e. he goes to his country



c. he will go to his country

Jawaban : A ( kalau kalimat langsung/direct simple past, indirect/tdk langsung harus

past perfect)

2. Teacher : Why was Mary absent yesterday?

Jenifer : What did the teacher want to know, Ferdy?

Ferdy : he wanted to know ____

a. if Mary was absent d. that Mary had been absent

b. why Mary was absent e. why Mary had been absent

c. why was Mary absent

Jawaban : E (direct berbentuk Wh-question bentuk past tense jadi indirec berbentuk

past perfect)

3. Mother : Don’t be so noisy, Herman. The baby is sleeping.

Herman : Okay, mom.

Rudy : What did your mother just told you?

Herman : She told me ___ because the baby was sleeping.

a. I wasn’t so noisy d. I am very noisy

b. not to be so noisy e. to be not so noisy

c. don’t be noisy

Jawaban : B (direct: don’t + be maka indirect: not + to be)

4. Doctor : Open your mouth!

Mother : What did the doctor tell you?

Son : The doctor told me ___

a. that I open his mouth d. to open my mouth

b. if I opened my mouth e. opened my mouth

c. to open my mouth

Jawaban : D (direct: V1 + O maka direct: to V1 + O)

5. Mother : Do you want meatballs or fried chicken?

Mother asked me ____

a. whether I wanted meatball or fried shicken

b. whether I want meatball or fried chicken

c. that I wanted meatball or fried chicken

d. that I want meatball or fried chicken

e. if I want meatball or fried chicken

Jawaban: A (direct: do/does + S +V1 maka indirect: if/whether + S + V2)

Soal-Soal Latihan

1. Head master : Why didn”t you clean this room this morning?

Jani : I am sorry. I got a headache.

The headmaster asked her why ___ the room this morning.

a. I hadn’t cleaned d. he headn’t cleaned

b. he does not clean e. he would not clean

c. he hasn’t cleaned

2. Anto : I am sorry Lina. I forgot to bring your book.

Ari : What did he say, Lina?

Lina : Anto said to me that he ___ to bring my book.

a. has forgotten d. forgets



b. had forgotten e. forgot

c. would forget

3. Mother asked Mira to close the windows because it was windy outside.

Mother said, “ ___________”

a. Mira closed the window. It is windy outside.

b. Closed the window, Mira. It is windy outside.

c. Mira closed the window. It was windy outside.

d. Does Mira close the window. It was windy outside.

e. To close the window Mira! It is windy outside.

4. “What are you doing now?”, he asked.

He asked me ____

a. what are you were doing now d. what I was doing then.

b. what were you doing now. e. what I am doing now.

c. what I was doing then

5. “Is John coming to the party tonight?”

“yes, he asked me ____”.

a. If he could go with us d. going with us

b. can he go with us e. wether he goes with us

c. he went with us

6. My parents advised my sister ____ too much money on clothes.

a. do not spend d. not spending

b. not to spend e. not spend

c. did not spend

7. The secretary asked me ___ with Mr. Slamet.

a. did I have an appointment d. when is my appointment

b. how was my appointment e. that I had an appointment

c. whether I had appointment

8. “don’t make noise, children”, she said.

a. She told the children don’t make noise d. She told the children not to make noise.

b. She said the children didn’t make noise e. She didn’t tell the children to make

c. She didn’t say the children should noise noise

9. My friend said to me, “Can I find you a hotel?”. Mean____

a. My friend asked me if I could help him find a hotel.

b. I wondered if my friend could help me find a hotel.

c. My friend said that I could help him find a hotel.

d. My friend asked me to find a hotel for him.

e. My friend asked me whether he could help me find a hotel.

10. Father said, “Finish your work!”

The indirect form is: Father told me ____

a. finish your work d. to finish your work

b. finished your work e. to finish my work

c. that I finish my work



PASSIVE VOICE (kalimat pasif)

Kalimat passif adalah kalimat dimana subjek dikenai tindakan/pekerjaan,

sedangkan kalimat aktif subjeklah yang melakukan tindakan/pekerjaan.

Hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam merubah aktif ke pasif adalah:

• Yang dapat dijadikan kalimat passive adalah Verbal Sentence (kalimat yang

predikatnya kata kerja/V)

• Verbal sentence yang dapat dirubah ke Passive Voice (kalimat pasif) adalah kalimat

yang memiliki objek penderita.

• Perubahan aktif ke pasif atau sebaliknya tidak merubah makna kalimat. Perubahan iti

terjadi hanya pada struktur kalimatnya saja.

• Ciri kalimat pasif/passive voice adalah to be + V3 dan kata by (kata ini bukan

merupakan syarat yang harus ada dalam kalimat pasif )

Contoh : (Aktive) Bajuri loves Oneng

S P/V1 O

(Passive) Oneng is loved by Bajuri.

S P/V3

(Active) I bought a new motorcycle last week.

(passive) A new motorcycle was bought by me last week

Rumus Pola aktif-pasif untuk semua tenses

Tenses Active Passive

Simple Present

Simple Past

S + V1

S + V2

S + am/is/are + V3

S + was/were + V3

Present Continuous

Present perfect continuous

Past Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Future Continuous

Future Perfect Continuous

Past Futurre Continuous

Past Future Perfect Continu

S + am/is/are + V-ing

S + have/has + been + V-ing

S + was/were + V-ing

S + had + been + V-ing

S + will/shall + be + V-ing

S + will + have + V-ing

S + would + be + V-ing+

S +would +have+been+V-ing

S + am/is/are + being + V3

S + have/has +been + being +V3

S + was/were + being + V3

S + had + been + being + V3

S + will/shall + be + being + V3

S + will +have+been+ being +V3

S + would + be + being + V3

S +would+have+been+ being+V3

Simple Perfect

Past Perfect

S + have/has + V3

S + had + V3

S + have/has + been + V3

S + had + been + V3

Simple Future

Past Future

Modal (present)

Modal (past)

S + will/shall + V1

S + would/should + V1

S + may/can/must + V1

S + might/could/had to + V1

S + will/shall + be + V3

S + would/should + be + V3

S + may/can/must + be + V3

S + might/could/had to + be + V3

Jadi lebih singkatnya ciri kalimat pasif/passive voice selain by + O adalah

Present

Past

Perfect

Continuous

Future/modal

am/is/are + V3

was/were + V3

been + V3

being + V3

be + V3



Contoh Soal

1. A : Look! The girl is crying. What happened to her just now?

B : While playing with her brother, she ____

a. kicks d. was kicking

b. kicked e. was kicked

c. will kick

Jawaban : E (simple past: S + was/were + V3)

2. A : Do you know the result of the test?

B : Not yet. The announcement ____ twice.

a. was postponed d. has to be postponed

b. was being postponed e. has been postponed

c. will be postponed

Jawaban : A (konteks kalimat adalah simple past)

3. Mela : Why do you prefer Surya Depstore to others?

Noni : Because the items ____ at a reasonable price.

a. is sold d. were sold

b. are sold e. had been sold

c. was sold

Jawaban: B (konteks kalimat adalah simple present. Karena subjek items jamak maka

to be yang sesuai adalah are)

4. X : There’s no longer a rule for the youth to enter military service in Britain.

Y : Really, when….?

a. was it abolishing d. was it to abolish

b. did it abolish e. to be abolished

c. was it abolished

Jawaban: C (pola pasif introgative simple past: was/were + S + V3)

5. Dita : When did the accident happen?

Dini : When the goods ____ from the truck.

a. have been unloaded d. will be unloaded

b. were being unloaded e. are unloaded

c. are being unloaded

Jawabab: B (pola pasif past continuaou tense: S + was/were + being + V3)

Soal-Soal Latihan

1. R.A. Kartini ____ in Jepara in 1879.

a. is born d. would be born

b. was born e. has been born

c. will be born

2. The books in the library ___ in alphabetical order.

a. is arranged d. have arranged

b. was arranged e. has arranged

c. have been arranged

3. A big dam ___ in this area next year.

a. will build d. has been built

b. will be built e. is being built

c. would be built



4. We can’t swim in the swimming pool now because it ___.

a. was being cleaned d. will clean

b. is being cleaned e. cleaned

c. has been cleaned

5. They had just been living in the house for two years when it ___ by the fire.

a. destroyed d. will be destroyed

b. had destroyed e. is being destroyed

c. was destroyed

6. She looks after the baby well.

The passive form is ____

a. the baby is well looked after d. the baby is being looked after well

b. the baby was looked after well e. the baby would be well looked after

c. the baby will be well looked after

7. Everybody knew that he had shown great loyalty to the company, therefore he ____ a big

sum of money at the anniversary of the company.

a. rewarded d. is being rewarded

b. was rewarded e. has been rewarded

c. will be rewarded

8. At the moment the old building ____ to make space dor a parking lot.

a. demolishing d. had been demilishing

b. is being demolished e. is demolishing

c. was being demolishing

9. Sita is waiting for her birthday party dress because she ____ a new one by her mother.

a. has promised d. has been promising

b. will be promised e. was being promised

c. will be promised

10. As the victem was badly hurt in the car accident, he ____ to the nearest hospital.

a. will be taken d. was taken

b. is being taken e. took

c. has been taken



DEGREES OF COMPARISON (tingkat perbandingan)

Terdiri dari 3 tingkatan, yaitu:

1. Positive (tingkat biasa)

S + tobe + adjective/k.sifat

contoh: Jojon is handsome

Gogon is clever

2. Comparative (tingkat perbandingan)

S + tobe + more/-er + adjective + than

contoh: Jojon is more handsome than Aming

Bajuri is cleverer than Oneng

3. Superlative (tingkat palinga)

S + tobe + the most/-est + noun phrase

Contoh: Jojon is the most handsome

Bajuri is the cleverest person

Catatan

a. Adjective/kata-kata sifat yang bersuku kata dua/lebih harus diawali kata

“more” pada kalimat perbandingan/comparative dan “the most” pada kalimat

tingkat paling/superlative.

Contoh: beautiful more beaitiful the most beautiful

b. Beberapa kata harus dibentuk dengan cara tidak beraturan pada comparative

dan superlative.

Contoh: bad worse worst

good better best

much more most

c. Adjective/kata-kata sifat yang bersuku kata satu/dua yang berakhir dengan

akhiran “-er/-r” pada kalimat perbandingan/comparative dan “-est/-st” pada

kalimat tingkat paling/superlative adalah:

1. Kata yang berakhir dengan 2 konsonan / 1 konsonan yang didahului dengan

2 vokal.

Contoh: rich richer richest

deep deeper deepest

2. Kata yang berakhir dengan 1 konsonan yang dudahului oleh 1 vokal. Dalam

perubahannya konsonan tersebut digandakan sebelum diberi akhiran –er

dan –est.

Contoh: big bigger biggest

3. Kata yang berakhir dengan –e dalam perubahannya hanya diberi akhiran –r

dan –st.

Contoh: large larger largest

4. Kata yang berakhir dengan –y yang didahului konsonan dalam

perubahannya huruf –y tersebut berubah menjadi –i. Tetapi jika –y tsb

didahului vokal maka aturan tersebut di atas tidak berlaku.

Contoh: easy easier easiest

coy coyer coyest



5. Kata yang terdiri dari dua suku kata yang berakhiran –some, -ow, -le, -er.

Contoh: clever cleverer cleverest

Contoh Soal

1.



QUESTION TAGS

Merupakan bentuk pertanyaan berekor yang fungsinya untuk mempertegas suatu

pertanyaan.

Contoh : Pok Ati is a beautiful woman, isn’t she?

My husband didn’t go to Bandung last week, did he?

a. Jika statement adalah kalimat verbal maka question tag-nya dibentuk menurut

kaidah kalimat verbal yaitu ada kata kerja bantu/modal yang dipakai seperti:

do/does, did, have/has, had, will, shall, can, may, dll. Begitu pula jika statement

adalah kalimat nominal maka question tag-nya pun dibentuk menurut kaidah

kalimat nominal yaitu ada kata kerja to be yang dipakai seperti: am/is/are,

was/were, dll.

b. Jika statement (+) maka question tag (-) dan sebaliknya



CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (kalimat pengandaian)

_ Conditional sentence terdiri dari anak kalimat (sub clause) dan induk kalimat (mean

clause) dimana bentuk tenses yang di pakai pada keduanya berbada.

_ Induk kalimat biasanya diawali dengan kata “if”. Jika anak kalimat mendahului induk

kalimat maka setelah anak kalimat ada koma (,).

_ Ada 3 tipe conditional sentence :

1. Future Conditional (type 1)

Kalimat yang diucapkan dan kenyataan yang sebenarnya tidak bertolak belakang.

Apa yang diucapkan, itulah yang diharapkan. Kemungkinan harapan terpenuhi di tipe

ini adalah ada (bukan imajinasi) tapi kalau syarat terpenuhi.

Contoh: If I have much money, I will buy a new car.

(jika saya punya uang, saya akan membeli mobil baru)

Pola : If + simple present + simple future/modal

S + V1 S + will/shall/can/must/may + V1

S + am/is/are S + will shall/can/must/may + be

2. Present Conditional (type 2)

Kalimat yang diucapkan bertolak belakang dengan kenyataan yang sebenarnya di

masa sekarang. Kalau kalimatnya (+), maka makna/meaning-nya (-) dan sebaliknya.

Kemungkinan harapan terpenuhi di tipe ini adalah tidak ada (hanya imajinasi saja).

Contoh : (+) If I had time, I would go to the beach with you.

(Saya sebenarnya tidak punya waktu sekarang ini sehingga tidak bisa pergi)

Pola: If + simple past + past future/modal

V2 would/should/could/had to/might + V1

Was/were would/should/could/had to/might + be

Di tipe ini hanya were saja yang dipakai.

3. Past Conditional (type 3)

Kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kewajiban/kegiatan yang dilakukan dimasa

lampau, tetapi tidak dilakukan/ tidak terpenuhi. Kalimat ini diucapkan bertolak

belakang dengan kenyataan yang sebenarnya di masa lalu. Kalau kalimatnya (+),

maka makna/meaning yang disampaikan (-) dan sebaliknya.

Kemungkinan harapan terpenuhi di tipe ini adalah tidak ada (hanya imajinasi saja)

Cnth : (+) If I had known you were there, I would have written you a letter.

( Jika saya tahu waktu dulu kamu berada di sana, saya sudah mengirim surat

padamu- ini bermakna saya tidak mengirim surat karena saya tidak tahu

kamu berada di sana)

Pola: If + past perfect + past future perfect/modal perfect

Had + V3 would/should/could/had to/might + have + V3

Had been would/should/could/had to/might + have been



RELATIVE PRONOUNS (kata ganti penghubung)

Relative Pronoun adalah kata yang digunakan untuk mengantikan salah satu pokok

kalimat/bagian kalimat lainnya yang menghubungkan dua buah kalimat menjadi satu

kalimat majemuk (complex sentence). Kata-kata yang digunakan sebagai penghubung

yaitu: who, whom, whose, which, of which.

Rumus Umum :

Jabatan dalam kalimat orang benda

Subjek

Objek

Kepunyaan (possesseve)

Who/that

Whom/that

whose

Which/that

Which/that

Of which

1.Who/that: “yang”

Digunakan utk pengganti orang sbg subjek

Contoh: We know a lot of people. They live in Jakarta

S O S

We know a lot of people who live in Jakarta

(They = a lot ao people, jabatan dalam kalimat subjek,)

2. Whom/that: “yang”

Digunakan untuk pengganti objek

Contoh: The girl feel in love with the man. I met him last week.

S O S O

The girl feel in love with the man whom I met last week.

(him = the man, jabatan sebagai objek)

3. whose: “yang punya”

Digunakan untuk mengganti kata ganti kepunyaan: my, your, our, his, their, its, her.

Contoh: We saw the people. Their car has been stolen.

S O possessive

We saw the people whose car had been stolen.

(their car = mobilnya orang-orang. Orang yang dimaksud = the people)

4. which/that

Digunakan untuk mengganti kata benda/binatang sebagai subjek

Contoh: I don’t like the stories. They are printed in English.

S

I don’t like the stories that/which are printed in English.

(they = the stories/cerita adalah kata benda yg kedudukannya sebagai S)

My mother loves a red car very much. I bought it last year.

O O

My mother loves a red car which/that I bought last year very much

( it = a red car, sebuah benda, jabatan sebagai objek)



.

6. Of which

Digunakan untuk mengganti kata ganti kepunyaan/possessive untuk benda/binatang.

Contoh: I sent the table back to the store. Its surface is not smooth.

Possessive

I sent the table of which surface is not smooth back to the store.

(its surface/permukaannya meja. Meja yg dimaksud the table)

7. Where

8. When



SUBJUNCTIVE WISH

Subjunctive/angan-angan digunakan untuk menyatakan/mengungkapkan harapan yang

tidak dapat terpenuhi.

- Future

Rumus : S¹ + wish + S² + could/would + V¹/be

Contoh : I wish you would stop saying that.

(saya berharap kamu akan berhenti mengatakan itu)

I wish she would come to my party to night

(saya berharap dia akan dapat datang ke pesta saya minggu ini)

- Present

Rumus : S¹ + wish + S² + V2/were

Contoh : I wish you were old enough to marry me.

(saya berharap sekarang ini umurmu cukup tua untuk menikahi saya)

They wish they didn’t have to go to school today.

(mereka berharap sekarang ini mereka tidak harus pergi sekolah)

- Past

Rumus : S¹ + wished + S² + had V3/could have V3

Contoh : She wished she had had more time last night.

(saya berharap tadi malam dia punya banyak waktu)



CAUSATIVE HAVE/GET

Causative have dan get digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pekerjaan yang dilakukan

orang lain untuk si Subjek. Causative have berarti menyuruh/memerintahkan seseorang

melakukan sesuatu, sedangkan causative get berarti meminta (dengan persuasif)

seseorang melakukan sesuatu.

Rumus Active

S + have/has/had + Object¹ + V1 + Object²

S + get/gets/got + Object¹ + to V1 + Object

Contoh : (1). She has the shoemaker mend her shoes

S Someone/O¹ V1 something/O²

(Dia menyuruh Pembuat sepatu memperbaiki sepatunya)

O¹ V1 O²

(2). I had mechanic repair my car.

(saya menyuruh mekanis memperbaiki mobil saya

Contoh : (1). She gets the shoemaker to mend her shoes.

(Dia meminta Pembuat sepatu memperbaiki sepatunya)

(2). I got the mechanic to repair my car.

(saya meminta mekanis memperbaiki mobil saya)

Rumus Passive

S + have/has/had + O + V3

S + get/gets/got + O + V3

Contoh

(1). The manager has the letter typed.

O V3

(Menejer menyuruh surat itu ditik)

(2). The manager gets the letter typed.

(Menejer meminta surat itu ditik)



GERUND

Gerund adalah kata kerja yang dibendakan/ kata benda yang dibentuk dari kata kerja

yang diberi akhiran –ing (V-ing). Gerund digunakan bila:

1. Verb/kata kerja sebagai subjek.

Contoh: Swimming is a good sport.

Jogging makes us fresh.

2. Verb sebagai complement/pelengkap.

Contoh : My hobby is cycling.

3. Setelah kata depan/preposition seperti for, on, before dll.

Contoh : I am sorry for coming late.

Before leaving, he said nothing.

4. Setelah istilah khusus seperti no use, to be worth, to be busy, can’t help/can’t bear,to

be used to, get used to.

Contoh : It is no use studying without practicing.

5. Setelah possessive adjective (my,your, his,her,our,their,Amir’s, dll)

Contoh : His staring frigtens me.

6. Kata kerja/V setelah kata kerja tertentu

Admit

Appreciate

Claim

Can’t help

Resume

Consider

Avoid

Delay

Deny

Risk

Enjoy

Finish

Quit

Resist

Siggest

Mind

Miss

Postpone

Practice

Advise

Recall

Regret

Report

Recent

resist

Contoh : We enjoy seeing them again after so many years.



PREFERENCES (pilihan/kesukaan)

Menyukai A ketimbang B

1.

S + prefers + noun/V-ing + to + noun/V-ing

Contoh:

- Dona prefers dancing to singing.

(Dona lebih menyukai menari ketiumbang menyanyi)

- Juned prefers combro to deblo.

(Juned lebih menyukai combro ketimbang deblo)

2.

S + like + noun/V-ing + better than + noun/V-ing

Contoh:

- I like T.V better than radio.

- Kokom likes reading better than watching T.V.

3.

S + would rather + V1 + than + V1

Contoh:

- Dita would rather watch T.V . than plays a video game.

(Dita lebih menyukai nonton T.V ketimbang main video game)

4.

S + would prefer + to V1 + rather than + V1

Contoh:

- Ayu would prefer to phone me rather than send SMS.

(Ayu lebih menyukai menelpon saya ketimbang mengirim SMS)



CONNECTORS (Kata Penghubung)

Connectors digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat/lebih menjadi satu kalimat.

Connectors dibagi menjadi 3, yaitu:

1. Menunjukan waktu: before, after, as soon as, while, when.

a. We went home after the rain stopped.

b. I prepare my ticket and passport before I go on holiday to Paris.

c. I started to look for an apartment as soon as I arrived in this city.

d. While he was reading her novel, somebody knocked on the door.

e. I was really sad when I saw a drama movie.

2. Menunjukan sebab dan akibat: because/because of, since.

a. I went to the hospital because I had a serious accident.

b. I went to the hospital because of my serious accident.

c. Since I have no money, I can’t treat you.

3. Menunjukan tanda urutan: first, next, then, after that, finally.

a. first, we must prepare the ingredients.

b. Next, we cut the vegetables into small pieces.

c. After that, we put them into frying pan.

d. Finally, we put some sauce and salt.



CONJUNCTIONS (Kata Sambung)

Kata sambung adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menyambung dua kalimat/kata-kata.

1. Kata sambung yang berdiri sendiri seperti: and, or, but, for, although/though, that, if,

dll.

Contoh: - You can read this book if you like.

(kamu dapat membaca buku ini jika kamu mau)

- I went to your house but you weren’t at home.

(saya pergi ke rumahmu tapi kamu tidak ada di rumah)

- Amir and I go to school everyday.

(Amir dan saya pergi ke sekolah setiap hari)

- Although it was raining, he come on time.

(walaupun hujan dia datang tepat waktu)

2. Kata sambung yang berpasangan seperti:

both…and… (…dan juga….)

not only…but also… (…tidak hanya…tetapi juga…)

either…or… (….maupun…)

neither…nor… (…tidak…dan tidak…)

Contoh: - He is both wise and good.

(dia bijaksana dan juga baik)

- He is not only active but also clever.

(dia tidak hanya aktif tetapi juga pintar)

- Factory pollutions have polluted either land or water in our environment.

(Polusi pabrik telah mencemari tanah maupun air di lingkungan kita)

- The research is neither intersting nor accurate

(Penelitian itu tidak menarik dan tidak akurat)



ELLIPTIC CONSTRUCTION

Kalimat elip merupakan pemendekan dari dua kalimat/lebih dengan cara menghilagkan

beberapa bagian kalimat yang memiliki kesamaan arti asalnya. Kalimat elip digunakan untuk

menghindari adanya pengulangan kata yang sama dalam suatu kalimat.